Biography of Ted Bundy, Serial Killer

Theodore Robert Bundy  (November 24, 1946–January 24, 1989) was one of the most prolific serial killers in U.S. history, who confessed to kidnapping, raping and murdering 30 women throughout seven states during the 1970s, although the actual count of the people he murdered remains a mystery.   Fast Facts: Ted Bundy Known For: Confessed serial murder of 30 peopleBorn: November 24, 1946 in Burlington, VermontParents: Eleanor â€Å"Louise† Cowell, Johnnie Culpepper Bundy (adoptive father)  Died: January 24, 1989 in Raiford, FloridaEducation: Woodrow Wilson High School, University of Puget Sound, University of Washington (BA Psychology, 1972), Temple University, University of UtahSpouse: Carol Ann Boone (m. 1980)Children: Rose, by Carol Ann Boone From the time of his capture, up until his death in the electric chair became imminent, he proclaimed his innocence and then began confessing to some of his crimes to delay his execution. The actual count of how many people he murdered remains a mystery. Early Life Ted Bundy was born Theodore Robert Cowell on November 24, 1946, at the Elizabeth Lund Home for Unwed Mothers in Burlington, Vermont. Ted’s mother Eleanor â€Å"Louise† Cowell returned to Philadelphia to live with her parents and raise her new son. In the 1950s, being an unwed mother was scandalous and illegitimate children were often teased and treated as outcasts. To avoid having Ted suffer, Louises parents, Samuel and Eleanor  Cowell, took on the role of being Ted’s parents. For several years of his life, Ted thought his grandparents were his parents, and his mother was his sister. He never had any contact with his birth father, whose identity remains unknown. According to relatives, the environment in the Cowell home was volatile. Samuel Cowell was known for being an outspoken bigot who would go into loud rants about his dislike of various minority and religious groups. He physically abused his wife and children and brutalized the family dog. He suffered hallucinations and would sometimes talk or argue with people who were not there. Eleanor  was submissive and fearful of her husband. She suffered from agoraphobia and depression. She periodically received electric shock therapy, a popular treatment for even the mildest cases of mental illness during that time. Tacoma, Washington   In 1951, Louise packed up and, with Ted in tow, moved to Tacoma, Washington to live with her cousins. For unknown reasons, she changed her surname from Cowell to Nelson. While there, she met and married Johnnie Culpepper Bundy. Bundy was an ex-military cook who was working as a hospital cook. Johnnie adopted Ted and changed his surname from Cowell to Bundy. Ted was a quiet and well-behaved child although some people found his behavior unsettling. Unlike other children who seem to thrive on parental attention and affection, Bundy preferred isolation and disconnection from family and friends. As time went on, Louise and Johnnie had four more children, and Ted had to adjust to not being an only child. The Bundy home was small, cramped, and tense. Money was scarce and Louise was left taking care of the children without any additional help. Because Ted was always quiet, he was often left alone and ignored while his parents dealt with their more demanding children. Ted’s extreme introversion and any developmental issues went unnoticed or were explained as a characteristic based on his shyness. Education Despite the circumstances at home, Bundy grew into an attractive teenager who got along with his peers and  who performed well in school. He graduated from  Woodrow Wilson High School  in 1965. According to Bundy, it was during his high school years that he began breaking into cars and homes. Bundy said the motivation behind becoming a petty thief was partially due to his desire to go downhill skiing. It was the only sport he was good at, but it was expensive. He used the money he made off of stolen goods to help pay for skis and ski passes. Although his police record was expunged at the age of 18, it is known that Bundy was arrested twice on suspicion of burglary and auto theft. After high school, Bundy entered the University of Puget Sound. There he scored high academically but failed socially. He continued to suffer from acute shyness, which resulted in social awkwardness. While he did manage to develop some friendships, he was never comfortable with participating in most of the social activities that others were doing. He rarely dated and kept to himself. Bundy later attributed his social problems to the fact that most of his peers at Puget Sound came from wealthy backgrounds—a world that he envied.  Unable to escape his growing inferiority complex, Bundy decided to transfer to the University of  Washington in his sophomore year in 1966. At first, the change did not help Bundy’s inability to socially blend, but in 1967 Bundy met the woman of his dreams. She was pretty, wealthy, and sophisticated. They both shared a skill and passion for skiing and spent many weekends on the ski slopes. First Love Ted fell in love with his new girlfriend and tried hard to impress her to the point of grossly exaggerating his accomplishments. He downplayed the fact that he was working part-time bagging groceries and instead tried to gain her approval by boasting about a summer scholarship that he won to Stamford University. Working, attending college, and having a girlfriend was too much for Bundy, and in 1969, he dropped out of college and began working at various minimum-wage jobs. He devoted his spare time to doing volunteer work for  Nelson Rockefellers presidential campaign and even worked as a Rockefeller delegate at the 1968 Republican National Convention in Miami. Unimpressed with Bundy’s lack of ambition, his girlfriend decided that he was not husband material and she ended the relationship and moved back to her parent’s home in California. According to Bundy, the break up broke his heart and he obsessed over her for years. At this same time, whispers about Bundy being a petty thief began to spread among those who were close to him. Stuck in a deep depression, Bundy decided to do some traveling and headed to Colorado then on to Arkansas and Philadelphia. There, he enrolled at Temple University where he completed a semester then returned to Washington in the fall of 1969. It was before his return to Washington that he learned about his true parentage.  How Bundy dealt with the information is not known, but it was obvious to those that knew Ted that he had experienced some kind of transformation. Gone was the shy, introverted Ted Bundy. The man that returned was outgoing and confident to the point of being seen as an extraverted braggart. He returned to University of  Washington, excelled in his major, and earned a bachelors degree in psychology in 1972. Life Gets Better for Bundy In 1969, Bundy became involved with another woman, Elizabeth Kendall (the pseudonym she used when she wrote  The Phantom Prince My Life With Ted Bundy. She  was a divorcee with a young daughter. She fell deeply in love with Bundy, and despite her suspicions that  he  was seeing other women, her devotion toward him continued. Bundy was not receptive to the idea of marriage but allowed the relationship to continue even after reuniting with his first love who had become attracted to the new, more confident, Ted Bundy. He worked on the reelection campaign of Washingtons Republican Governor Dan Evans. Evans was elected and appointed Bundy to the Seattle Crime Prevention Advisory Committee. Bundys  political future seemed secure when in 1973 he became the assistant to Ross Davis, chairman of the Washington State Republican Party. It was a good time in  his  life. He had a girlfriend, his old girlfriend was once again in love with him, and his footing in the political arena was strong. Missing Women and a Man Called Ted In 1974, young women began vanishing from college campuses around Washington and Oregon. Lynda Ann Healy, a 21-year-old radio announcer, was among those who went  missing. In July 1974, two women were approached at a Seattle state park by an attractive man who introduced himself as Ted. He asked them to help him with his sailboat, but they refused. Later that day, two other women were seen going off with him and they were never seen alive again. Bundy Moves to Utah In the fall of 1974, Bundy enrolled in law school at the University of Utah and moved to Salt Lake City. In November Carol DaRonch was attacked at a Utah mall by a man dressed as a police officer. She managed to escape and she provided police with a description of the man, the Volkswagen he was driving, and a sample of his blood that got on her jacket during their struggle. Within a few hours after DaRonch was attacked, 17-year-old Debbie Kent disappeared. Around this time, hikers discovered a graveyard of bones in a Washington forest, later identified as belonging to missing women from both Washington and Utah. Investigators from both states communicated together and came up with a profile and composite sketch of the man named Ted who approached women for help, sometimes appearing helpless with a cast on his arm or crutches. They also had the description of his tan Volkswagen and his blood type, which was type-O. Authorities compared the similarities of the women who had disappeared. They were all white, thin, and single and had long hair that was parted in the middle. They also vanished during the evening hours. The bodies of the dead women found in Utah had all been hit with a blunt object to the head, raped, and sodomized. Authorities knew they were dealing with a serial killer who had the capability to travel from state to state. Murders in Colorado On January 12, 1975, Caryn Campbell vanished from a ski resort in Colorado while on vacation with her fiancà © and his two children. A month later, Caryns nude body was found lying a short distance from the road. An  examination of her remains  determined she had received violent blows to her skull. Over the next few months, five more women were found dead in Colorado with similar contusions to their head, possibly a result of being hit with a crowbar. Ted Bundys First Arrest In August 1975, police attempted to stop Bundy for a driving violation. He aroused suspicion when he tried to get away by turning his car lights off and speeding through stop signs. When he was finally stopped his Volkswagen was searched, and police found handcuffs, an ice pick, a crowbar, pantyhose with eye holes cut out, and other questionable items. They also saw that the front seat on the passenger side of his car was missing. Police arrested Ted Bundy on suspicion of burglary. Police compared the things found in Bundys car to those DaRonch described seeing in her attackers car. The handcuffs that had been placed on one of her wrists were the same make as those in Bundys possession. Once DaRonch picked Bundy out of a line-up, the police felt they had enough evidence to charge him with attempted kidnapping. The authorities also felt confident they had the person responsible for the tri-state murder spree that had gone on for more than a year. Bundy Escapes Twice Bundy went to trial for attempted kidnapping DaRonch in February 1976 and after waiving his right to a jury trial, he was found guilty and sentenced to 15 years in prison. During this time, police were investigating links to Bundy and the Colorado murders. According to his credit card statements, he was in the area where several women vanished in early 1975. In October 1976, Bundy was charged with the murder of Caryn Campbell. Bundy was extradited from the Utah prison to Colorado for the trial. Serving as his own lawyer allowed him to appear in court without leg irons, plus it gave him an opportunity to move freely from the courtroom to the law library inside the courthouse. In an interview, while in the role as his own attorney, Bundy said, More than ever, I am convinced of my own innocence. In June 1977 during a pre-trial hearing, he escaped by jumping out of the law library window. He was captured a week later. On Dec. 30, 1977, Bundy escaped from prison and made his way to Tallahassee, Florida, where he rented an apartment near Florida State University under the name Chris Hagen. College life was something Bundy was familiar with and one he enjoyed. He managed to buy food and pay his way at local college bars with stolen credit cards. When bored, he would duck into lecture halls and listen to the speakers. It was just a matter of time before the monster inside Bundy would resurface. The Sorority House Murders On Saturday, Jan. 14, 1978, Bundy broke into Florida State Universitys Chi Omega sorority house and bludgeoned and strangled to death two women, raping one of them and brutally biting her on her buttocks and one nipple. He beat two others over the head with a log. They survived, which investigators attributed to their roommate Nita Neary, who came home and interrupted Bundy before he was able to kill the other two victims. Nita Neary came home around 3 a.m. and noticed the front door to the house was ajar. As she entered, she heard hurried footsteps above going toward the stairway. She hid in a doorway and watched as a man wearing a blue cap and carrying a log left the house. Upstairs, she found her roommates. Two were dead, two others severely wounded. That same night another woman was attacked, and the police found a mask on her floor identical to one found later in Bundys car. Arrested Again On February 9, 1978, Bundy killed again. This time it was 12-year-old Kimberly Leach, who he kidnapped and then mutilated. Within a week of Kimberlys disappearance, Bundy was arrested in Pensacola for driving a stolen vehicle. Investigators had eyewitnesses who identified Bundy at the dorm and Kimberlys school. They also had physical evidence that linked him to the three murders, including a mold of the bite marks on the flesh of the sorority house victim. Bundy, still thinking he could beat a guilty verdict, turned down a plea bargain whereby he would plead guilty to killing the two sorority women and Kimberly LaFouche in exchange for three 25-year sentences. The End of Ted Bundy Bundy went on trial in Florida on June 25, 1979, for the murders of the sorority women. The trial was televised, and Bundy played up to the media when on occasion he acted as his attorney. Bundy was found guilty on both murder charges and given two death sentences by means of the electric chair. On January 7, 1980, Bundy went on trial for killing Kimberly Leach. This time he allowed his attorneys to represent him. They decided on an insanity plea, the only defense possible with the amount of evidence the state had against him. Bundys behavior was much different during this trial than the previous one. He displayed fits of anger, slouched in his chair, and his collegiate look was sometimes replaced with a haunting glare. Bundy was found guilty and received a third death sentence. During the sentencing phase, Bundy surprised everyone by calling Carol Boone as a character witness and marrying her while she was on the witness stand. Boone was convinced of Bundys innocence. She later gave birth to Bundys child, a little girl who he adored. In time, Boone divorced Bundy after realizing he was guilty of the horrific crimes he had been charged with. Death After endless appeals, Bundys last stay of execution was on Jan. 17, 1989. Before being put to death, Bundy gave the details of more than 50 women he had murdered to Washington State Attorney Generals chief investigator, Dr. Bob Keppel. He also confessed to keeping the heads of some of his victims at his home and to engaging in necrophilia with some of his victims. In his final interview, he blamed his exposure to pornography at an impressionable age as being the stimulant behind his murderous obsessions. Many of those directly involved with Bundy believed he murdered at least 100 women. The electrocution of Ted Bundy went as scheduled amid a carnival-like atmosphere outside the prison. It was reported that he spent the night crying and praying and that when he was led to the death chamber, his face was sullen and gray. Any hint of the old charismatic Bundy was gone. As he was moved into the death chamber, his eyes searched across the 42 witnesses. Once strapped into the electric chair he began mumbling. When asked by Supt. Tom Barton if he had any last words, Bundys voice broke as he said,  Jim and Fred, Id like you to give my love to my family and friends. Jim Coleman, who was one of his lawyers, nodded, as did Fred Lawrence, the Methodist minister who prayed with Bundy throughout the night. Bundys head bowed as he was prepared for electrocution. Once prepared, two thousand volts of electricity surged through his body. His hands and body tightened up and smoke could be seen coming from his right leg. Then the machine turned off and Bundy was checked over by a doctor one last time. On January 24, 1989, Theodore Bundy, one of the most notorious killers of all time, died at 7:16 a.m. as crowds outside cheered,  Burn, Bundy, burn! Sources Berlinger, Joe (director). Conversations with a Killer: The Ted Bundy Tapes. Netflix, 2019.Janos, Adam. Ted Bundys Many Faces: How the Serial Killer Was Able to Change His Appearance So Easily. AE Real Crime, February 21, 2019.Kendall, Elizabeth. The Phantom Prince My Life with Ted Bundy. 1981.  Michaud, Stephen G. and Hugh Aynesworth. Ted Bundy: Conversations with a Killer. Irving Texas: AuthorLink Press, 2000.Rule, Ann. The Stranger Beside Me. Seattle: Planet Ann Rule, 2017.

Criminal Profiling Essay - 2440 Words

The Origin and Art of Criminal Profiling Sawyer Thompson Southwest Baptist University December 13, 2011 Abstract Criminal profiling is a process by which investigators attempt to solve a crime through careful analyzing of data and patterns. It can be found in numerous places throughout history, from the Roman Catholic Church to World War II to the present day. It officially began in the Behavioral Science Unit; Howard Teten, Pat Mullany, Robert Ressler, and John Douglas are four of the most well-known individuals associated with profiling. Numerous serial killers have been caught by using this process and it is suspected that the identity of Jack the Ripper would be known today had this technique been†¦show more content†¦In fact, the doctor guessed he probably didn’t have a real occupation whatsoever (Ramsland, 2011). Thomas Bond’s notes were never taken into deep consideration and the identity of Jack the Ripper is still a mystery, one that will most likely never be solved. Or will it? According to Innes (2005), David Canter has expressed his opinion on the matter. Cant er’s prime suspect is Aaron Kosminski, a Polish bootmaker who came to London in 1882, six years before the Ripper murders. He based this speculation on the geographic side of profiling. With a map of the location of the nine killings in hand, Canter pointed right in the middle of the murder sites; the area he was pointing to was Kosminski’s home. According to him, many killers tend to maintain the optimum distance which balances both familiarity and risk, thus making the murder locations appear as a rough circle (Innes, 2005). Unfortunately, with no DNA or any physical evidence, society will never know for sure the identity of the twisted Jack the Ripper. During the Ripper’s reign of terror, technology and general knowledge of criminology was not quite as advanced as it is now. The first official attempt at profiling did not come until World War II began. The OSS (the forerunner of the CIA) asked psychiatrist Walter Lange to prepare a psycho-dynamic personality profile of Adolf Hitler. At the end of his long, detailed report, Lange stated that when defeat was imminent, the German Fuhrer would commit suicide; HitlerShow MoreRelatedCriminal Profiling1917 Words   |  8 PagesCriminal Profiling The term â€Å"serial killer† was derived from a man named Robert K. Ressler, who, in the 1970’s deemed this term because of the term the English used; â€Å"crimes in a series† and because of the serial films he grew up watching. (Freeman, 2007) Prior to the term serial killer, people would use the terms, mass murders and stranger-on-stranger crime. 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Health and Wellbeing in Older People

Question: Describe the Report for Health and Wellbeing in Older People. Answer: Introduction Nutrition is a vital component for maintaining health and wellbeing in the older people and linked with the process of aging. The frequency of malnutrition is rising in the older people of Singapore and is connected with a degeneration in efficiency status, reduced functioning of muscle, declined bone mass, immunity dysfunction, anemia, cognitive impairment, deprived healing of wounds, deferred recovery from the operation, higher rates of hospital admission and mortality.This healthcare program was commenced to detect nutrition interventions that could deliver a foundation for planning effective and assessable nutrition education curriculums for the older population in Singapore.The older population of Singapore is very diverse in nature, such as fit, active, healthy elders, extremely weak, completely reliant on others, elders with chronic diseases, severe disabilities and of different ethnicity. In the aging population, malnutrition is an imperative jeopardize that has been observed in hospitals, housing care and in the community. Background and significance The project topic was identified on basis of rigorous searching and evaluation of the problems among the older age group of Singapore. Malnutrition is not an inescapable consequence of getting old however several alterations related with the course of aging can encourage undernourishment (Volkert, 2013). For instance, aged people are often found with decreased palate perception and smell, worsening of dental strength and decreased physical activity (Visvanathan et al., 2014 and Moreira et al., 2016). These factors individually or altogether can negatively impact nutrient consumption. Any alteration in food consumption can promote malnutrition with the potentially severe consequences (Fontana Partridge 2015). Numerous studies have demonstrated a direct association between the extent of undernourishment and a greater stretch of stay in hospitals, increased treatment expenses, and reoccurrence to normal lifestyle (Moreira et al., 2016). Thus, the management and inhibition of malnutriti on, which is very prevailing in the older population (Visvanathan et al., 2014) have become a significant challenge for this health promotion program. The older population of Singapore is very diverse, thus the project was designed to give emphasis on the mentally distressed older population. Undernourished elders of the communities are likely to have deprived health outcomes, presented by greater rates of death events (Visvanathan et al., 2014). The core contributors to this death rate are chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases, coronary heart diseases and other circulatory diseases (Volkert, 2013). The target elder group for this program is mentally disturbed or depressed aged people. The strength of social networks was found to be the biggest determinants of mental wellness and mental wellness is one of the main contributors of malnutrition (Boulos et al., 2016). Discussion The older population tends to lack knowledge about food, cooking and nutrition factors in this stage of life (Gougeon et al., 1015). Detailed planning is done on the intervention procedures and the main challenge is to successfully implement them and promote knowledge among the targeted group. Plan and intervention In the first part of planning, the risk factors have been identified which can cause mental distress and in turn cause malnutrition. The medical risk factors are poor appetite, oral and dental problems, respiratory disorders, neurological disorders, loss of taste, higher frequency of infections, drug interactions, and physical disabilities etc. (Haber, 2013). Social and lifestyle factors contributing for malnutrition may include poverty, isolation, and loneliness, lack of knowledge about nutritious foods and incapability to shop or cook food (Donini et al., 2013). The most common psychological risk factors are dementia, confusion, anxiety, depression, and bereavement (Prez et al. 2013). To reduce the contributing problem of malnutrition, the older population of the remote areas are needed to have knowledge about their nutrition requirement. A survey group will interview the older persons in the selected areas of Singapore. The interview queries will contain questions about age, physical status, medical histories, food habits, social activities and financial situations. The survey consists of 5 key factors: general health inquiries, health status, dietary behaviors, nutrient screening initiative checklist and nutrient intake assessment of target group. General inquiries include household arrangement, education level, and financial status. Health and wellbeing behaviors include self-rated insights about depression and health, smoking and drinking habits, physical activities and former involvement in diet and nutrient instructions. The height and weight, blood sugar level, total cholesterol, triglycerides, albumin and hemoglobin level will be checked for determining health status. Dietary behaviors were identified by questioning individually (Taweel et al., 2016). The malnourished aged can be identified by the below-mentioned method (Fauziana et al., 2016) and a checklist will be prepared. Body Mass Index 18.5 kg/m2 Unplanned weight reduction 10% within the last 3 to 6 months Body Mass Index 20 kg/m2and unplanned weight reduction 5% within the last 3 to 6 months Percentage of weight loss = original weight - current weight x 100 current weight Body Mass Index = Weight (kg) Height (m)2 Application of Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool (MUST) can also be done. It takes few minutes to complete the test and provides clear management plans depending on the degree of identified risk (Visvanathan et al., 2014). The quality and quantity of foods consumed will be examined over a 7 days period.To assess nutrient intake computer aided nutritional analysis program will be used. The next level of this health promotion program includes nutrition education sessions for the targeted age group and their family members. The gaol of these education sessions will deliver vital knowledge about appropriate diet in the old-age stage, prevention measures of malnutrition and self-management. The education sessions will be based on induvial talks, group discussions, visual powerpoint seminars, leaflets, brochures and pamphlets for effortless understanding. The education sessions will be held twice in a week and it will be continued for five weeks. The individual session will be continued for an hour during the initial 4 weeks. Sessions will be broken down into twenty minutes of information giving and interaction period and forty minutes of applied preparation and games. In the fifth week, the session will be for 2 hours, comprising of meal scheduling and nutritional counseling for each aged person individually (Kim et al., 2012). There is also a plan for involving this t arget group in some social activities to improve their mental health. In the 1st week, the session will be focused on physiological and mental changes that occur in the course of aging and importance of balanced diet and nutrition management. In the 2nd week, participating members will learn about vital nutrients and their minimum requirements, their utilities in the body, and the main food materials for each nutrient.In the 3rd week, the session will be concentrated on dietary recommendations for the aged, reduced salt intake model and the importance of mental wellbeing ((Kim et al., 2012). The 4th week will be focused on self-management educations (Taweel et al., 2016). In the 5th week, participants will practice nutritious meal item planning and will receive individualized nutrition counseling (Kim et al., 2012 and Nyknen et al., 2014). Key partners and stakeholders For successfully conduct the program and implementing the interventions the support of local healthcare groups will be needed. The community nurses can also play an important role in reducing malnutrition. Involvement of trained dieticians is also necessary for this malnutrition prevention program. This program will need the assistance of local voluntary and support groups. Participation of the family members of the aged people can effectively reduce this problem. Each partner and stakeholder have their own importance and networking them is vital for this health promotion project. Resources The resources need to support this project are community resources. A proper location for conduction the education sessions are essential. Rental cost will be there for booking a good place. A community hall or any large hall with technological facilities will be needed. Technological resources include the availability of telephones, computers, and internet. There will be also costs for staff members. Evaluation and conclusion The nutritional status of the aged of Singapore was reported to be poorer than that of other age groups. According to Hamirudin et al. (2016) and several other surveys revealed that malnutrition interventions may be highly effective when participants hold interest about their wellbeing and that elderly persons who were extremely depressed or under severe anxiety tend to be more vulnerable to malnutrition risks (Prez et al., 2013 and Yoshimura et al., 2013). This project is planned after evaluating numerous journals and articles and hopes to achieve better nourishment rate among the mentally distressed elderly people of Singapore. At first, the program will be conducted in selected areas but doing programs like this at a national level is the imminent goal. But at first, the emphasis will be given on this project. After the end of this 5-week project, behavior and mentality changes will be identified. Follow up surveys will be done to evaluate the impact of this project on the target population. To analyze whether there are any enhancements in nutritional levels, comparisons between changes in dietary behaviors, health behaviors, and nutrient intakes will be done. The project expects positive modifications in nutrient intakes, health and dietary behaviors after the end of nutritional education, and improvement in self-rated perceptions of mental health and depression. References Boulos, C., Salameh, P., Barberger-Gateau, P. (2016). Social isolation and risk for malnutrition among older people.Geriatrics gerontology international. Donini, L. M., Scardella, P., Piombo, L., Neri, B., Asprino, R., Proietti, A. R., Di Bella, G. (2013). Malnutrition in elderly: social and economic determinants.The journal of nutrition, health aging,17(1), 9-15. Fauziana, R., Jeyagurunathan, A., Abdin, E., Vaingankar, J., Sagayadevan, V., Shafie, S., Subramaniam, M. (2016). Body mass index, waist-hip ratio and risk of chronic medical condition in the elderly population: results from the Well-being of the Singapore Elderly (WiSE) Study.BMC geriatrics, 16(1), 125. Fontana, L., Partridge, L. (2015). Promoting health and longevity through diet: from model organisms to humans.Cell,161(1), 106-118. Gougeon, L., Payette, H., Morais, J., Gaudreau, P., Shatenstein, B., Gray-Donald, K. (2015). Dietary patterns and incidence of depression in a cohort of community-dwelling older Canadians.The journal of nutrition, health aging,19(4), 431-436. Haber, D. (2013).Health promotion and aging: Practical applications for health professionals. Springer Publishing Company. Hamirudin, A. H., Charlton, K., Walton, K. (2016). Outcomes related to nutrition screening in community living older adults: A systematic literature review.Archives of gerontology and geriatrics,62, 9-25. Kim, B. H., Kim, M. J., Lee, Y. (2012). The effect of a nutritional education program on the nutritional status of elderly patients in a long-term care hospital in Jeollanamdo province: health behavior, dietary behavior, nutrition risk level and nutrient intake.Nutrition research and practice,6(1), 35-44. Moreira, N. C. F., Krausch-Hofmann, S., Matthys, C., Vereecken, C., Vanhauwaert, E., Declercq, A., Duyck, J. (2016). Risk Factors for Malnutrition in Older Adults: A Systematic Review of the Literature Based on Longitudinal Data.Advances in Nutrition: An International Review Journal, 7(3), 507-522. Nyknen, I., Rissanen, T. H., Sulkava, R., Hartikainen, S. (2014). Effects of individual dietary counseling as part of a comprehensive geriatric assessment (CGA) on nutritional status: a population-based intervention study.The journal of nutrition, health aging,18(1), 54-58. Prez, C. E., Lizrraga, S. D., Martnez, E. M. R. (2013). Association between malnutrition and depression in elderly.Nutricion hospitalaria,29(4), 901-906. Taweel, A., Barakat, L., Miles, S., Cioara, T., Anghel, I., Tawil, A. R. H., Salomie, I. (2016). A service-based system for malnutrition prevention and self-management.Computer Standards Interfaces. Visvanathan, R., Newbury, J. W., Chapman, I. (2014). Malnutrition in older people.Geriatric Medicine: An Introduction,4(20), 216. Volkert, D. (2013). Malnutrition in older adults-urgent need for action: a plea for improving the nutritional situation of older adults.Gerontology,59(4), 328-333. Yoshimura, K., Yamada, M., Kajiwara, Y., Nishiguchi, S., Aoyama, T. (2013). Relationship between depression and risk of malnutrition among community-dwelling young-old and old-old elderly people.Aging mental health,17(4), 456-460.

The Effect of Cyber Society on Personal Relationships free essay sample

As more people opt for on-line relationships, they may find it more difficult to conduct face-to-face relationships. This paper explains how the Information Highway will affect the society in a manner that cannot yet be imagined and instead of a means of uniting the world the author feels that the technological revolution is creating a divide within society furthering social stratification and changing the dynamics of interpersonal relationships. From the paper: As the communications revolution reaches its climax the society is increasingly becoming virtual. Millions of Internet users are logging one every day and interacting with each other over the Internet. Where once socialization was limited within borders today, the society is increasingly becoming borderless as the Internet creates a global world. Chat systems like MSN and AOL Messenger, ICQ and MIRC have captured the peoples imagination and no longer is there a need to have personal face-to-face meetings. The interactive softwares allow a user to have web conferences, meetings and chat with more than one person at a time. We will write a custom essay sample on The Effect of Cyber Society on Personal Relationships or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Society is becoming impersonal as concepts like cyber love and cyber world emerge.

The Water Cycle Essay Example For Students

The Water Cycle Essay Title of Paper : CyclesGrade Received on Report : 100The movement of water from the atmosphere to the Earth and back to the atmosphere is called the water cycle. The water cycle consists of an alternation of evaporation and condensation. Water molecules enter the air by evaporation from the ocean and other bodies of water. In the air, the water molecules condense (in clouds) and then return to the Earth in the form of precipitation (rain). On land, most of the rainwater runs along the surface of the ground until it enters a river or stream that carries it to a larger body of water. Some water sinks into the ground and is called ground water. The upper surface of ground water is known as the water table. We will write a custom essay on The Water Cycle specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The Nitrogen CycleAll organisms require nitrogen to build proteins. Nitrogen is available to organisms in several ways. Free nitrogen gas makes up 78 percent of the atmosphere.Nitrogen is also found in the wastes produced by many organisms and in dead and decaying organisms. The movement of nitrogen through the biosphere is called the nitrogen cycle. However, most of this nitrogen cannot be directly used by living things. It must be converted into other forms. Certain bacteria that live on roots of plants such as legumes (beans, peas, and peanuts) change free nitrogen atmosphere into nitrogen compounds (nitrates and nitrites) that can be used by living things. this process is known as nitrogen fixation, and the bacteria are called nitrifying bacteria. Once the nitrogen compounds are available, plants use them to make plant proteins. Animals then eat the plants and use the proteins to make animal proteins. When the plants and animals die, the nitrogen compounds return to the soil. Eventually other bacteria in the soil break down these nitrogen compounds into free nitrogen in a process called denitrification. These bacteria are called denitrifying bacteria. Through the process of denitrification, free nitrogen is returned to the atmosphere. Carbon and Oxygen CyclesThe process by which carbon is moved through the environment is called the carbon cycle. During photosynthesis, green plants and algae use carbon dioxide from the atmosphere to form glucose. Consumers and decomposers use glucose in respiration, during which they produce carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide is then released into the atmosphere, completing the carbon cycle. The movement of oxygen through the environment is called the oxygen cycle. During photosynthesis, water molecules are split, releasing oxygen into the atmosphere. The oxygen is used by most organisms for respiration. During respiration, water is released. The water is absorbed by plants, and the cycle begins again.

Scientific Literacy And Frankenstein English Literature Essay Essay Example

Scientific Literacy And Frankenstein English Literature Essay Essay Example Scientific Literacy And Frankenstein English Literature Essay Essay Scientific Literacy And Frankenstein English Literature Essay Essay Essay Topic: Frankenstein Scientific literacy is the ability to grok scientific constructs which are of import in doing single determinations and take parting in activities that are good for the societal, political and economic personal businesss of the society. It encompasses inquiring inquiries and happening replies to affairs that may originate due to curiosity about mundane life. Scientific literacy enables us to be able to appreciate the different things that happen around us for case environmental pollution, technology designs, medical research and even new merchandise development and design. Therefore it is a really of import facet of human existences. To acquire an penetration in scientific literacy, an person should be able to read as much scientific works as he or she can in order to do an informed determination about certain phenomena in the existent universe. By reading many scientific plants, an person will be able to construct up on the cognition that he or she has about the specific scientific idea. Harmonizing to Lee Gentry ( 2000 ) a society with a high figure of scientifically illiterate people is at a disadvantage because such people will non understand things that go on around them because most of the things that affect our life have either a technological or scientific background. Therefore illiterate people will non be able to even debate on issues impacting the environment, technology and medical defence proposals. Harmonizing to Dr Phil Science literacy enables an single to understand the universe around him through observation of the critical factors around him or her. Science literacy enables people who have done scientific discipline to be able to understand the current universe that is driven by scientific discipline and engineering. This literacy enables an person to be able to separate between fact and guess which will be really utile in separating the truth in media and political sphere. This book interested me because of how the author handles his authorship from the beginning of the book to the terminal. This book has a batch of pragmatism which I like so much ands in add-on the book is a Gothic novel which has a batch of Romantics that is portrayed particularly by Victor and keeps the reader traveling since the events follow each other in a logical sequence and there is no suspense. Another ground that made my choose this book is when I was with my uncle and as he finished watching another film called the lamia, and I started visualising the stormy and dark dark and this gave me the impulse of desiring to read this book. My uncle was really enthusiastic when he was speaking about this book and this excessively encouraged me to travel and look for this book because I wanted the written version and non the film version of the book.Infact the transcript of the book that I have now is the fist I read during my 5th class and it is still in good status as if it was still new. Another ground that made me take this book is that I have been making a batch of research on monster, lamias and wolves but I had non done so much on the Frankenstein monster and his Godhead and this prompted me to travel and look for this book to be able to cognize more about these monsters. Before I read this book I did non understand the superior ability and strength of the monsters coupled with their power to make excess ordinary things. There are so many things that excite me about this book including the fact that the author has foremost because the author has done the authorship in the best manner that he could in covering with the horror narrative in order to convey about the significance he wished to. The incorporation of the monster universe into the existent universe of human existences makes the book an interesting work to read due to the struggle between existent human beings and the monster universe What the writer eventually latched onto when she found her narrative wasn A ; acirc ; ˆâ„ ¢t a shade narrative at all. The author of this book was really efficient in making a existent fiction-science narrative which. By making life unnaturally through scientific procedures and saying the reverberations to the readers, the author is able to do the readers to hanker for more of the book and have the desire to read more from the book. The introductory portion of the book makes it look more scientific as opposed to the superstitious belief about monsters. A good manner for other readers to acquire the fascination in this book is to pay attending to the scientific discipline and how it is incorporated in the novel with fiction coupled with the interaction of the carnal land to convey about the monster characters. Another thing that attracts me to the Frankenstein is that he has property likened to the existent human behaviour and this makes this narrative more of a scientific composing than a fabricated book.For case the monster has speech likened to the human existences and he even has uncertainties about his being and this is characteristic of human existences who neer understand their beginning. The monster admirations if it is truly God created him because he is hopeless since no 1 can acknowledge him while Satan who is perceived to be bad can easy acknowledge and appreciate those who follow him. This is another fact to turn out that the book is more scientific by analysing so resemblance between human existences and monsters since human existences besides tend to look up to Satan sometimes. What made me more hypnotized was the fact that the monster had quire character which enables him to precede other animals and do them endure under his custodies and it makes him happy when other people are enduring because of the actions that he inflicts on the victim. However, this book is non every bit chilling as it was intended to be and it does non go forth the reader desiring to cognize more about the following action for case when he finds the loved 1s of Victor and so lets them travel in a loving manner without making anything harmful to them. This does really convey out the human nature of caring for others and non harming the other human coevals due to unknown grounds. The usage of monsters to stand for the properties that can be likened to human existences is really effectual in seeking to unclutter the struggle that exists between the human race and the monster universe where the monsters are normally likened to human existences since they have similar traits. The most important thing that I have learnt from this book is that inanimate things can be used efficaciously to stand for certain properties that are characteristic of human existences in the existent universe fro case the author presents a close connexion between the existent people and human like animals like monsters. Another thing that can be learnt from this book is that there is a important relationship between scientific discipline and nature because what is predicted by scientific discipline automatically happens because scientific discipline is all about existent life since it amp ; acirc ; ˆâ„ ¢s a manifestation of nature. A good illustration is when the monster appears as a craft character that is merely after torturing its victims. This is besides characteristic of existent universe human existences who can make something bad to person whom they feel have offended them. A lesson to be learnt from this work is that non all work done by authors is fictional because some literary work every bit much as it is a authorship of non-existent animals, it is a true thing or narrative that can be found in any given society that is occupied by human existences. In add-on, there should be an understanding that everything that happens around us has a scientific reading and therefore scientific discipline is really of import in our society. It can hence be concluded that the novel is a good manifestation of the direct relationship between fiction and existent universe because the big portion of this book is all about fabricated characters that represent existent human characters. It should be an encouragement to our citizens to read plants of fiction about scientific discipline in order to acquire an penetration into the scientific cognition that will assist them to be able to do statements particularly when argument about scientific affairs is made in the public sphere.

Using current and historical examples discuss the interrelations Essay

Using current and historical examples discuss the interrelations existing between global capitalist dynamics, international variations of work and workers agency - Essay Example The incoming research will investigate the existence of global capitalist dynamics, international variations of work and workers agency. The research will prove that global capitalist dynamics have encouraged the transformation of the work and workers agency making it professional. There has been a pressing debate on the importance thresholds of workers, and workers agency in most organizations. Research has established that workers supply variable units of labour time while facing in every period of liquidity constraints. On the other hand, capitalists or owners of the firm do not work for the same model. However, significant amount of debate is centred on the competition part off the job. That is, who receives the job first, how he receives and when does he or she receive the job. While on one side diversity plays a crucial role in bridging the work diversity, it is clear that there are still other competitions in place. Similarly, there is a multitude of theories and research on how capitalists globalization works, who wins and how he wins and who loses as it conquers the globe and transform communities, regions and cities that countries and culture, however there is relatively little theory and research on globalization as a generic phenomenon thought about and even on occasion practiced outside its historical container of globalizing capitalism (Martin, 2010: 604). For that reason, the approach of capitalist globalization is based on the concept of transnational practices, practices that cross boundaries but do not originate with state institutions, actors, and agencies. Doogan (2009, p. 113) believes choice offers as it were the tools with which to construct a series of working hypothesis for keenly contested disagreements between globalization theorists and their opponents. Based on the above, there is a need to focus on debates on whether to what extent does capitalism prevails as a central issue

Care of the severe asthmatic paediatric patient Essay

Care of the severe asthmatic paediatric patient - Essay Example Unless severe asthma is adequately treated it can become life threatening. Treatment regimen in the case of severe paediatric asthma is giving high concentrations of oxygen to the patient, nebulized salbutamol and systemic corticosteroids. One of the most frequent causes of children being presented in hospitals is asthma. The important concern with paediatric asthma is that a significant percentage of children hospitalized with a severe attack of asthma are likely to die. This makes understanding paediatric asthma and maintaining guidelines for managing severe paediatric asthma important to the reduction of paediatric mortality in hospitality Weinberger 2008 p.633, defines asthma as a disease characterized by hyper-responsiveness of the airways to various stimuli, resulting in airway obstruction that is reversible to a substantial degree either spontaneously or as a result of treatment†. The airway obstruction observed in asthma arises from the different levels of severity of broncho-spasm and inflammation. Inflammation in asthma is the result of mucosal oedema and the secretion of mucous (Weinberger, 2008). Guill, 2004, points out that asthma does not occur as a set of episodic events spread over periods of time, but is rather present as a state of inflammation and hyper-responsiveness of the airway that presents in a varying manner in an individual suffering from asthma and also among the different individuals having asthma. Such an observation suggests the severity of an asthmatic event in a child varies from time and time and the severity of an asthmatic event is not necessarily the same between different indiv iduals (Guill, 2004). The varying severity of asthma in children gives rise to asthmatic events that may be present with minimal symptoms that have hardly any impact on the health of the child to asthmatic events with life threatening potential. The available indicators of the severity levels of asthma in children are the

Team Creation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Team Creation - Essay Example The selection of the project team members will be done on the basis of this vital information. Next, a pool of candidates should be prepared from whom the project team members are to be selected. The selection process must consist of personal interview, group discussion, and if necessary, written or objective type assessment based on the project requirements. The project team should have some specialist members, supporting staff, and multi tasking experts. (Chapman and Ward, 2003) Team Building Strategies Effective team building can be critically helpful so that the project team leader may not have to face the problem of incompetence that may lead to total deadlock and unrecoverable down time. According to Chapman and Ward (2003), a project has a project life cycle, which is divided into the stages of conceptualization, planning, execution, and administration. During team building, it should properly be defined that what the team members are expected to do through each stage of the p roject life cycle. In the team, decisions must be based on consensus, team values must be specified, goals must be shared, and evaluation must constantly be done right from the time of team building to ensure better coherence and productivity. The team size should neither be too large or too small. (McGregor et al, 1966) Potential Areas of Conflict The cultural issues can particularly be important while managing a culturally diverse project team. Technical issues can create problems when the project team is diverse in the sense that specialists from different fields of profession and academia are taking part. Besides cultural and technical conflicts, conflict of opinion too can lead to serious problems. Racial barriers, personal ego, and lack of respect for each other are common in a diverse project team. The situation may become more complicated in the case expectations are unreasonably high and goals are not properly set. Techniques of Reducing the Probability of Dysfunctional Con flicts Some ethical values like respect for each other, dedicated participation, and mutual trust must be ushered in the project team (McGregor et al, 1966). Project life cycle provides the project team members with a framework that can be helpful in dividing responsibilities, setting priorities, etc. The way of doing things in the course of the project should be sequenced according to the project life cycle in order to avoid risk of confusion and dysfunction (Chapman and Ward, 2003). The basic questions like â€Å"what is management?† and â€Å"what is business?† must be answered in relation to the project with support from practical case studies. Tools and techniques like inventory control and networks of critical path can help in better decision making to avoid dysfunction and hence dysfunctional conflicts (Payne at al, 2004). Conflict Resolution Techniques Conflict resolution techniques should be available right from the beginning of the project work. Consensus bas ed decision making, proper goal setting, goal sharing, and integration of team values are the basic conflict resolution techniques. Mutualism, dedication, and respect add more emotional intelligences to the project team and hence conflict resolution techniques can effectively be based on the ethical grounds (McGregor et al,

Training in Extreme Conditions

Training in Extreme Conditions Training is the acquisition of knowledge, skills, and competencies as a result of the teaching of vocational or practical skills and knowledge that relate to specific useful competencies. Training has specific goals of improving ones capability, capacity, productivity and performance. (Wales) Body’s physiological response during exercise: Physiological response to exercise depends on intensity, duration and frequency of exercise and also depends on environment surroundings. During exercise requirement of oxygen and substrates in skeletal muscle are increased simultaneously leads to increase removal of metabolites and carbon dioxide. Chemical, mechanical and thermal stimuli affect alterations in metabolic, cardiovascular and ventilator function in order to meet these increased demands (Stokes). Adenosine triphosphate is a high-energy phosphate molecule that initiate muscle contraction, immediate source of energy supplies to muscle are initially provided by energy sources like ATP and Phosphocreatine before other aspects of metabolism are activated. Pulmonary ventilation increases as increase in respiratory rate to cope up increase in oxygen demand (Stokes) Some enzymes (ATPase) are able to use the energy stored between ADP and Pi bond. Water is involved is called hydrolysis. Each molecule of ATP releases 7.3 k cal.(30.7 kj) Energy can also provided by acetylate kinase reaction where ATP is produced from the conversion of two molecules of adenosine diphosphate(ADP to adenosine monophosphate(Amp) and ATP. (Stokes)Phosphocreatine stored in the muscle is a high-energy source for skeletal muscle it contributes energy in first 10 seconds of high intensity activities such as sprinting and are rapidly depleted but they provide important energy source in first few seconds of exercise before other aspects of metabolism are activated. (Stokes) resynthesis of ATP from energy-dense substrates glycolysis is a pathway by which glycogen and glucose are converted to two pyruvate molecules in the presence of oxygen, pyruvate enters the Krebs cycle via acetyl coA. Each turn of the Krebs cycle produces hydrogen carriers that enter the electron transport chain (ETC) and ultimately donate H+ to oxygen to form water, allowing ETC to proceed, however, when oxygen is not present, ETC cannot proceed which prevents flux through the Krebs cycle and result in a build up of pyruvate(Stokes. If it was allowed to continue the glycolysis may stop and no further ATP would be synthesized. Fortunately, pyruvate can accept the hydrogen carrier, forming lactic acid yields only 3 moll ATP per molecule of glycogen, but this can occur in absence of oxygen. In contrast, complete breakdown of glycogen via glycolysis, the Krebs cycle and the ETC yields 39 ATP per molecule of glycogen. (Stokes) Fatty acids are more energy dense than glycogen and there are very large stores of fat in adipose tissue, all energy stored as fat is stored as glycogen, body mass would increase by 50 Kg. Fatty acids are catabolized and enter into the Krebs cycle and ETC. A fully oxidized fat yields 129 molecules of ATP. The rate of resynthesize of fat is too slow to be of great importance during high intensity training. During exercise ventilation might increase from values around 5-6 liters min to >100 liter min. in an average young male, resting oxygen consumption is about 250 ml min and in endurance athlete during internes exercise might reach 5000 ml min (Stokes).Changes which occur in arterial pH, PO2 and PCO2 values during exercise are usually small, the increased reliance on glycolysis results in increased accumulation of lactic acid, which initially leads to an increase in PaCO2. Ventilation increases abruptly in the initial stages of exercise and is then followed by a more gradual increase. (Stokes) Oxygen requirements of working skeletal muscles ar e dramatically elevated above resting requirements. Resting blood flow to muscle is usually 2–4 ml†¢100 g muscle−1 min−1, but might increase to nearly 100 ml†¢100 g muscle−1 min−1 during maximal exercise. The circulatory changes which occur are increase blood flow to muscle leads to increase in cardiac output which leads to increase oxygen consumption. (Stokes) In the body maximum efficiency for conversion of energy nutrients into muscular work is 20-25%, the remaining is released in non-usable form of heat which raises body temperature this heat is due to increase metabolism in the body during exercise and blood supply to skin is increased which in tern stimulates sweat glands which starts sweating which causes heat loss. (Stokes) Training in Heat (Rg) This report discuss the temperatures that are considered hot, how the physiology of a human body adjusts an increase in temperature, what the stages of illness that are caused by heat, along with precautions that should be taken while exercising in heat. Generally the human body tries to maintain a certain body temperature range. This helps it function within its optimal levels. The normal human body temperature is 37 °C. Increases in body temperature of 2 °C to 3 °C generally do not result in causing ill effects. However, increases in body temperature above 40 °C to 41 °C can be associated with a variety of heat-related problems (Astrand.P, 1986). During exercise, constant heat is produced as a bi-product of metabolism and muscular contraction. This heat increases the core temperature of the body, which alarms its thermoregulatory mechanism, returning the body back to a homeostatic state. There are two important functions contributing to this mechanism are increase in blood flow to the skin, facilitating cooling and increasing sweating. This sweat helps evaporate the heat and lowers the core temperature. The result of the aforementioned mechanism leads to cardiovascular strain due to the increase in blood flow to skin, blood flowing to the muscles and the decrease of blood plasma volume, due to sweat loss. This leads to a cardiovascular drift. Cardiovascular drift is due to the competition of the blood flow toward the skin and muscles. This leads to a decrease in stroke volume, meaning in order to maintain cardiac output we would have to increase heart rate. Increasing heart rate helps provide proper blood supply to skin and working muscles. The process of the body’s core temperature increasing occurs when the blood perforates the hypothalamus. The hypothalamus then signals the rest of the body to reduce its exercise intensity (Phil wallace, 2013) . Exercising in hot climates without proper acclimatization can lead to a severe consequence called â€Å"Heat illness.† This illness is categorized into different stages based on the pathological events occurring at that time. (wordPress, 2012) Figure taken from (Ali Al-Nawaiseh, 2013) The different stages of heat illness are: Heat Cramps: It is thought to be due to the ingesting water with no salt during restitution from thermal dehydration. Clinical Feature Defined by a painful muscle cramp. Heat exhaustion: It is caused by sweat loss that results from exposure to high environmental heat or hard work. Clinical Feature Defined by clinical symptoms that involve a high body core temperature and signs of cerebral ischemia such as weakness, fatigue, discomfort, anxiety, dizziness, and headache. Heat syncope: It reflects cardiovascular failure caused by reduced venous return to the heart due to excessive seat loss. Clinical features Includes dizziness, fainting, and pale face. Heat stroke: It is the most severe heat-related disturbance and can be fatal. Clinical Feature – Core temperatures greater than 40 °C accompanied by hot and dry skin, indicative of impaired thermoregulation. It is also associated with delirium, convulsions or coma, indicating, impaired central nervous system function. Figure taken from (Yamazaki, 2012) Heat Acclimatization: Heat acclimatization is a process which body adapts to temperature change. It happens for the first 10-15 days of initial change, but major change occurs for the first 3 to 4 days. Heat acclimation improves endurance exercise performance in the heat, and thermal comfort at a given exercise rate. The primary adaptations that occur during heat acclimation are: Increased plasma volume by 10% – 12%, earlier onset of sweating, higher sweat rate, reduced salt loss in sweat, reduced blood flow to skin and increased synthesis of heat shock proteins There are many precautions that need to be taken while exercising in hot environments few of them are â€Å"obtain players or exercisers history of previous heat illnesses. Allow a period of seven to the ten days for acclimatization. Instruct players to wear appropriate clothing during the acclimatization period. Take regular measurements of the WBGT index. Encourage players to adequately replace fluids. Record body weight of players before and after, during practice and matches. Identify susceptible players. Constantly be vigilant and monitor players for signs of heat illness. Players must have unlimited access to water†. (International Hockey Federation (FIH), 2010) Training in Cold Conditions (Tyler) Exercising in cold temperatures is a complex idea. There are many factors and variables that need to be taken into account before contemplating or beginning to exercise in a cold environment or during a cold season. There are four major topics that we will be discussing: A) Metabolic changes B) Cardiovascular changes C) Thermal aspects and D) Adaptations. Choosing the correct diet for exercising in the cold can be tricky. After researching the subject there has shown to be no one significantly superior style of diet, whether it is carbohydrate, fat or protein dominant. However, one study did show that more work was achieved after a 3-day high carbohydrate diet (600g/day) as opposed to a 3-day normal diet (300g/day) [Thorp et al. 1990]. This would indicate an important relationship between exercise performance in a cold environment and carbohydrate intake. A study conducted by â€Å"Doubt and Hsieh in 1991 and Jacobs et al in 1984, 1985† shows us that venous lactate concentrations are higher with exercise in cold temperatures, which is due to the inverse relationship between muscle temperature and glycolysis. Lactate values have shown to be higher in colder temperature (-2 °C), these values also seemed to increase at a slower rate than they did at warmer temperature (+24 °C); indicating that there may be a temperature-relate d delay in lactate release. Samples were taken at the end of each incremental increase in workload throughout the study, leading to these results (Therminarias et al. 1989). Ventilation experiences an increase when the body is exposed to a colder environment. However, the differences between ventilation in a cold environment and that of warmer environment diminish as we increase our exercise workload (Therminarias et al. 1989). As we know, during respiration our lungs work to bring in oxygen and expel carbon dioxide. However, if there is an increase in ventilation, this could result in the reduction of end-tidal carbon dioxide. Maintaining higher levels of CO2 within the body could eventually lead toward impaired mental function in persons working in a cold environment (Cooper et al. 1976). When we introduce our body into a cold environment, our body reacts. This is usually in the form of the cutaneous thermal receptors sending distress signals to our central nervous system via afferent signalling. The body uses two mechanisms to account for higher VO2 during exercise in a cold environment. 1) A flux in our total body heat occurs (Nadel 1984; Park et al. 1984; Rennie 1988; Sagawa et al. 1988) 2) Our net mechanical efficiency is decreased (Pendergast 1988). If a flux in total body heat occurs, the body responds via negative feedback. First the body’s thermal receptors detect an unwanted change in body temperature at the skin. These receptors send a message via afferent messaging to the central nervous system which determines the best way to return the body back to its homeostatic state. A signal then is sent from the brain, to the hypothalamus which responds by sending its own message to our muscles forcing them to repeatedly contract at an express pace, this is commonly referred to as â€Å"shivering.† The more the body shivers, the more heat that is produced which in turn raises the body’s core temperature. After a homeostatic balance is regained, we begin to stop shivering as the â€Å"heat-promoting† portion of the hypothalamus begins to shut down. When considering the efficiency of our body to perform specific actions, we need to take into account how the cold temperature will affect us. Cold muscles tend to have a reduced contractile force, regardless of whether or not the kinetic energy requirement has been altered. This means that the body may have to try and recruit additional motor units to meet the required work output (Blomstrand et al. 1986). Exposure to a cold climate causes significant peripheral vasoconstriction, resulting in elevation of blood pressure. Cold temperature has the ability to affect cardiac output through an increase in intrathoracic blood volume, which is secondary to peripheral vasoconstriction (Pendergast 1988). The increase in intrathoracic volume is indicated through larger increases in stroke volume (McArdle et al 1976) or total body insulation (Rennie 1988). Increasing the intrathoracic blood volume has shown to increase both left ventricular end-diastolic and end-systolic dimensions at rest and during exercise (Sheldahl et al. 1984). Exposure to cold temperatures during exercise can sometimes lead to injury, such as a non-freezing cold injury or frostbite. This can be seen early throughout the distal extremities. The distal extremities depend on blood flow to maintain a suitable local temperature because their intrinsic capacity to generate heat in limited (Doubt Francis 1989). Our peripheral systems utilize a negative feedback technique to regain a suitable local temperature by alternating vasoconstriction and vasodilation (Rusch et al. 1981). References Wales, J. (, 2013). [Web log message]. Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Training Stokes , K. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://ceaccp.oxfordjournals.org/content/4/6/185.full Ali Al-Nawaiseh, M. B. (2013). Physiological Responses of Distance Runners during Normal and Warm Conditions . Journal of Exercise Physiology online, 12. Astrand.P, K. (1986). Textbook of Work Physiology. New York: McGraw-Hill Companies. International Hockey Federation (FIH). (2010). Competition in Hot and Humid Enivironments . Guidence competition in Hot and Humid Enivironments, 10. Phil wallace, M. M. (2013, Novemeber 4). Environmental Ergonomics. St catherines, Ontario, Canada. wordPress. (2012, February 15). Exercise Physiologist. Retrieved March 27, 2014, from wordpress.com: http://exercisephysiologist.wordpress.com/2012/02/15/the-human-homoeothermy/ Yamazaki, F. (2012). Importance of heat acclimation in the prevention of heat illness during sports activity and work. Importance of heat acclimation in the prevention of heat illness during sports activity and work, 8. C.J, Baker-Fulco et al (2001). Nutrition for Health and Performance. J.W, Thorp et al (1990). Work Enhancement and Thermal Changes during Intermittent Work in Cool Water after Carbohydrate Loading. A, Therminarias et al (1989). Influence of Cold Exposure on Blood Lactate response during Incremental Exercise. D.R, Pendergast (1988). The Effect of Body Cooling on Oxygen Transport during Exercise. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. D.W, Rennie (1988). Tissue Heat Transfer in Water: Lessons from Korean Divers. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. T.J, Doubt (1991 ). Physiology of Exercise in the Cold. E, Blomstrand et al (1986). Temperature-induced changes in Metabolic and Hormonal Responses to Intensive Dynamic Exercise. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica . E.R, Nadel (1984). Energy Exchanges in Water. Undersea Biomedical Research. K.E, Cooper et al (1976). Respiratory and other Responses in subjects immersed in cold water. Journal of Applied Physiology . L.M, Sheldahl et al (1984). Effect of Central Hypervolemia on Cardiac Performance during Exercise. Journal of Applied Physiology. N.J, Rusch et al (1981). The Effect of Profound Cooling on Adrenergic Neurotransmission in Cutaneous Veins. Journal of Physiology (London). S, Sagawa et al. (1988). Water Temperature and Intensity of Exercise in Maintenence of Thermal Equilibrium . Journal of Applied Physiology . T.J, Doubt et al (1989). Hazards of Cold Water. W.D, McArdle et al (1976). Metabolic and Cardiovascular Adjustment to Work in Air and Water at 18, 25 and 33C. Journal of Applied Physiology. Y.S, Park et al (1984). Decrease in Body Insulation with Exercise in Cool Water. Undersea Biomedical Research. Howley, E. Powers, S. 2012. Exercise Physiology: Theory and Application to Fitness and Performance. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. Hue, O. (2011). The Challenge of Performing Aerobic Exercise in Tropical Environments: Applied Knowledge and Perspectives. International Journal Of Sports Physiology Performance, 6(4), 443-454.

The American Savior :: essays research papers

The American Savior   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   GRAHAM This story takes place in America at about 222B.C. It is about two friends who are torn apart by a young, and beautiful girl whose name is Kigan. Samuel, but was also known as Sam because all of his friends called him Sam for short. Sam was born in Thorton to Solomon and his wife but No one knows her name because Solomon was said to be With more than one woman at a time. Samuel grew up with Miracle, now you might wonder Where Miracle got such a name, Miracle got his name Because he was born dead not a heart beat or Breath in him, as preparations where made for His the miracle happened out of no where. Very slowly Miracle came to life like The sun breaking the darkness of night In the eastern sky at the break of dawn. His mother, Angel, and his father, Knight Where astounded for they had witnessed A miracle, so naturally that’s how Miracle Got his name. Sam and Miracle first met in The city of Crump. Both of the young boys Were in the city buying goods because at This time once a boy turned ten he was considered A man and he needed to be responsible And take care of things that needed to be done. Both boys were kept sheltered from the world by Their parents till now, so seeing the city for the first time Was a shocking experience for both, especially by Themselves. They met at a small deli in the city. They talked and decided that they should meet Again sometime and maybe play some games Together. The two boys met every other day in The city where they played together. They grew to Be best friends. Whenever you saw one of them you saw the other. They were inseparable, they went together like the land and the sea. One day Miracle brought his friend Kigan with him to the city and right away Sam fell in love with her and he treated her as if she were a diamond that had never been touched by human hands. He treated her so precious. The day came when a big festival Was going to be held in the city and Sam asked Kigan if she would join him. Kigan told Sam that she would love to join him but had no interest in him and that she was in love with Miracle. After hearing this, Sam was outraged and ran

John Steinbeck Essay

Steinbeck as an author always seemed to have a niche for writing stories that made you think about the importance of life. Respect for life was highlighted in his stories many times, whether it’s the presence of or the lack of. A few stories that involved this were The Pearl, Of Mice and Men and Travels with Charlie. He knew how to tug on peoples heart strings and make them really think about what life truly means to us even after we close the book. The importance of respecting life is evident. Life is something that is beautiful when it is given and sorrow some when its taken away. The beauty of something alive can easily outweigh the beauty of it dead, to some people. To some people the thrill of the kill is all that matters and showing that they are the dominant species. This disrespect of life itself is portrayed in the story Travels with Charlie. Steinbeck, being an older wise man at this time knew the beauty of life and felt that it was better to keep the two coyotes alive than kill them and take the beauty of them away. He respects life greatly because he sees the beauty in it and wants to see that beauty shine on. Also, in The Pearl, he shows his respect for life through Kino wanting to preserve Coyotito’s innocence and let him live on to be more than he was himself. On the other hand, some people do not respect life. These people, like Curley’s wife in Of Mice and Men, treat people like property, like Crooks. She threatened to lynch him if he ever did anything wrong or got out of place. She does not see the beauty in this mans life and therefore does not treat him with the respect he deserves, instead she puts herself before him metaphorically and treats him like a common slave. In conclusion, Steinbeck shows that the beauty of life can either be respected and appreciated or disrespected and abused. These two viewpoints of life can differ between the person but he shows how respect and admiration can prove the best way to go about a situation. And how hate and disrespect for someone can cause you to think less of them and not see the beauty they possess within.

The Debate of the Single Currency Concept Essays

The Debate of the Single Currency Concept Essays The Debate of the Single Currency Concept Essay The Debate of the Single Currency Concept Essay The Euro argument is intensely emotional. Whilst on the one manus Trichet describes the Euro as [ T ] he coronating accomplishment of the individual market ( 2001, p.7 ) , others believe that the Euro is nil less than a confederacy to make an ( immorality ) European super-state. There can be no uncertainty that this is an of import issue, peculiarly in the United Kingdom given its authorities s definitely-maybe positions on the Euro. Consequently this essay will see the Euro inquiry with peculiar mention to the UK. First, it will see the statements for and against the UK come ining the Eurozone. Section 2 sets the scene by sketching a brief history of the Euro. Section 3 so describes the celebrated five trials set by Gordon Brown to enable a determination upon the annoyed inquiry of whether Britain should fall in the Euro. Section 4 considers the political facets of the argument, which this author sees as the existent issue in this argument. Section 5 examines life outside the Euro, and its deductions for the UK. Finally, subdivision 6 draws decisions on the Euro argument. 2. A Brief History of the Euro The route to the Euro began in the Maastricht Treaty [ 1991 ] , which agreed upon a common currency. The so British authorities ( Major s conservative authorities ) , nevertheless, was profoundly doubting about this, seeing pecuniary brotherhood as a measure towards federalism. Britain hence negotiated an opt-out clause ( as did Denmark ) . Maastricht run into troubles ( notably, rejection in the Danish referendum ) , but despite this the Euro-bulldozer rolled inexorably frontward, traveling from aspiration to world. A European Central Bank was established in Frankfurt. And in 1999 the Euro became the national currency of the bulk of EU provinces. 3. Brown s Five Trials In 1997 Gordon Brown, the British Chancellor, set out a series of five trials, designed to enable a determination upon the annoyed inquiry of whether Britain should fall in the Euro. These trials give a clear reply: decidedly, possibly. These trials are, foremost, whether there can be sustainable convergence between Britain and the economic systems of a individual currency ; secondly, whether there is sufficient flexibleness to get by with economic alteration ; thirdly, the consequence on investing ; fourthly, the impact on our fiscal services by and large ; and fifthly, whether it is good for employment. ( 1997 ) 3.1. Convergence This trial asked if the UK s economic system was sufficiently convergent with the remainder of Europe ( presumptively the Chancellor remembered Black Wednesday ) . It was non met in 1997, and failed once more in 2003. As Schwartz commented: Giving up its ain pecuniary policy to be ruled by EU pecuniary policy will expose it to involvement rate motions that are non appropriate to its economic state of affairs and can immerse it into recession. ( 2000, p.68 ) But although one can surely reason there is deficient convergence, Howell points out that: [ I ] f the UK gives a strong signal that it wishes to fall in in a set clip frame, UK involvement rates, merely like Italy s or Portugal s are likely to meet towards the nucleus provinces. ( 2002, p.31 ) 3.2. Flexibility This trial aims to analyze whether there is sufficient flexibleness to get by with economic jobs that might emerge. This trial was non met in 1997, a decision repeated in 2003. 3.3. Investing Clearly there are differing positions on the consequence of the Euro upon inward investing. However, it was held that this trial was met. 3.4. Financial Services The fiscal services industry has ever been important to the UK s fiscal wellbeing, and Brown evidently felt the demand to underscore this. Again, there is conflicting grounds upon the consequence entry into the Euro would hold on the City. Ultimately though, it was held that this trial was met. 3.5. Growth, Stability and Employment Brown held that growing, stableness and employment must be considered a trial held to be met. With merely three of the five trials met, Brown was non obliged to inquire the state its positions on the Euro ; handily for Brown, given that sentiment polls systematically show British public disfavor of the Euro. It is unsurprising, nevertheless, given that the trials are sufficiently intangible to guarantee that they can be met, or non, as political expedience demands. Brown has stated unambiguously that there will be a referendum before the Euro is adopted, stating: [ B ] ecause of the magnitude of the decisionaˆÂ ¦ , whenever the determination to enter is taken by Government, it should be put to a referendum of the British people. ( 1997 ) Therefore, whilst it is clear that a referendum can non be won, the authorities will claim the five trials have non been fulfilled, forestalling them from contending an unwinnable referendum. But if in the hereafter the electorate is more unfastened to the Euro, the authorities can state the trials have been met, and keep a referendum. 4. The Political Arguments By admiting the demand for a referendum Brown sidelong refers to the existent issue: the political facet of the determination. The determination will travel to the bosom of a province s sovereignty although Brown denies this: If a individual currency would be good for British occupations, British concern and future prosperity, it is right in rule to fall in. The constitutional issue is a factor in the determination, but it is non an overruling one. Rather, it signifies that, in order for pecuniary brotherhood to be right for Britain, the economic benefit should be clear and unambiguous. [ accent added ] ( 1997 ) But these constitutional issues can non be swept off so readily. As Gamble provinces, the economic instance by itself will neer be conclusive or decisive. It is the political pick that counts. ( 2000, p.4 ) Joining the Euro is lasting. It takes off, everlastingly, one facet of a province s independency. This is no little issue, and it should non be treated as one. Whilst a province remains outside the Eurozone, its options remain unfastened. Entry will, needfully, restrict its options. Once in it would be highly hard ( and lawfully doubtful ) to go forth. Further, there can be no uncertainty that the common currency is a move towards a federal province for, as Issing points out, a individual currency is used as a pace-setter towards political integrationaˆÂ ¦ ( 1996, p.20 ) This may, of class, be no bad thing. One Euro protagonist ( who, remarkably for a pro-Euro author, acknowledges its profound political impact ) suggests that fall ining the Euro would intend connection: [ a ] societal democratic EuropeaˆÂ ¦ , a trade brotherhood EuropeaˆÂ ¦ , a citizens Europe ( Gamble, 2000, pp.4-24 ) Ultimately, the issue of whether or non to fall in the Euro will ever be political. As Jones points out, authoritiess are political existences: Governments regard the pick for pecuniary integrating from a self-interested instead than an selfless position. Their concretion is subjective instead than objective. ( 2002, p.4 ) It is absolutely possible to supply a solid instance for fall ining the Euro. Equally, a convincing instance for staying outside the Eurozone can be made. Ultimately, the existent determination is political, non economic. It must, nevertheless, be emphasised that whether or non the United Kingdom enters the Eurozone, a pick is still being made. Inactivity is here every bit positive an act as activity. As Huhne points out: Britain can non simply choose out and feign that nil is go oning. ( 2001, p.96 ) There is no simple reply to this inquiry. It is a political inquiry that continues to resound in Westminster. 5. Life Outside the Euro: A Lucky Escape or an Opportunity Missed? When provinces accede to the European Union, they are explicitly accepting the full organic structure of European jurisprudence, the acquis communitaire. They are, hence, accepting that when their economic system meets the Euro s demands, they will fall in the Euro. In order to make this, they will necessitate to fall in the Exchange Rate Mechanism for a two twelvemonth period, and maintain their exchange rate within the ERM s bounds. After this, they will go members of the Eurozone. The diagram below explains this procedure. Integration of the AC into the pecuniary brotherhood through the ERM-II ( Krawczyk, 2004, p.3 ) Phase I Phase II ( at least two old ages ) Phase III EU accession and the ERM II rank Convergence appraisal and ( finally ) following the Euro The accession provinces do non hold an absolute timetable for fall ining the Euro zone. But in clip they will fall in it. The Euro, hence, is set to turn. In the interim, Britain and Denmark retain their opt-out rights vis-a-vis the Euro, and Sweden has yet to travel to it. It should be noted that there is some concern about the accession states fall ining the Eurozone. Indeed, Mr Koch-Weser, a Germany finance ministry functionary, has advised the future Member States that they should first beef up their economic systems. ( 2003 ) Given that the Euro will merely spread out, what will go on to those provinces that remain outside the Eurozone? Will their currency be relatively smallaˆÂ ¦.squeezed between the great tectonic home bases of Europe and America ? ( Huhne, 2001, p.96 ) It is alluring to presume that they will be isolated, but is this truly the instance? Once once more, this essay will concentrate upon the UK. Whilst many governments emphasise the troubles which will be faced by the UK staying outside of the Euro, others argue that the UK s involvements are really best served by staying outside the Eurozone. Indeed, Ferguson and Kotlikoff go every bit far as to propose that the Euro might non itself survive: What matters is whether the full pecuniary brotherhood will keep together in the old ages in front. The Euro s medium-term hereafter will turn out much shakier when Europe is hit by the financial crises looming for the bulk of the Euro zone s member states. ( 2006, p.111 ) 6. Decision There can be no uncertainty that, as persons, we might salvage money when traveling on vacation should Britain fall in the Eurozone. But there are many jobs which will confront the Euro over the following 10 old ages in peculiar those of enlargement, and the entry of less financially sound economic systems into the Eurozone. This leaves open the possibility that instead than enduring outside the Eurozone, the UK s economic system may even surpass the European economic system. As Eddie George points out: The UK, overall, has suffered no ill-effects from maintaining the lb, while the Euro-zone economic systems have done less good than expected, and, in many respects, less good than the UK. These economic phenomena are about surely structural, non transeunt. ( 2000 ) It is possible that if Britain continues to decline to fall in the Euro we will be left chill, whilst other provinces bask in the heat of the Euro-glow. But it is every bit possible that Britain will, on the whole, turn out to be better off by declining to fall in the Euro. Ultimately, Britain may turn out to be the lone individual processing in measure.

Medicare United States Essay Example

Medicare United States Essay Example Medicare United States Paper Medicare United States Paper The government program which provides health insurance coverage to people 65 years and over in the United States is known as Medicare. Medicare is a single player health care system. A single player health care system is a system under which health care providers are only paid from a single fund. This system is considered to be a system of universal health care. It was signed into law on 30th July, 1965 by President Lyndon B. Johnson as a change to the social security legislation. When it was ratified President Johnson presented former President Harry S.  Truman with the first Medicare card making him the first beneficiary of Medicare in the United States (SeniorJournal. com, 2001). The true history of the program however goes back to 1945 when then President Harry S. Truman requested congress to create a national health insurance program. Due to the opposition of the Soviets at the time and rejection of communism, the dangers of socialized medicine were fiercely debated for the next 20 years. By the end of his term Truman backed away from his plan for universal health care. However, his rivals in the social security administration and other sections of government ran with the idea of insuring social security benefactors. When it was signed into law as part of Lyndon Johnson’s great society the Medicare Part B premium was three dollars a month. Part B premium serves the outpatient basis of the medical insurance and is geared towards those individuals who are retired or no longer working. Then in 1972 the program was expanded to include disabled individuals who were under 65 years of age and those with end stage renal disease were also enabled to receive coverage. It also expanded to include chiropractic services and other forms of therapy such as speech and physical therapy. This was also the year that payment to health maintenance organizations began and the supplemental security income for the elderly and disabled poor was established to automatically give these recipients coverage under Medicare. In 1982 the program expanded to include hospice treatments on a temporary basis to assess the financial costs of these institutions. The benefits would not become a permanently ratified until 1986. Then in 1983 they changed their system of payment from one of reasonable cost to a case by case basis based on the diagnosis for in-patients in hospitals. In 1984 the President, federal employees, members of congress and federal judiciary also became covered by Medicare. In 1988 a major overhaul of the Medicare program was made in order to provide benefits for life threatening illnesses and prescription medication, it was cancelled the very next year. This was followed by coverage for routine mammographies in the same year. The next year coverage for pap smears started and physicians were now paid based on their schedules. In 1997 the balanced budget act was passed which enabled various providers from Medicare to have their funding reduced. This was enacted under the Medicare choice program which provided advantages to those individuals who are financially burdened. However, congress soon revisited this act due to pressure in 1999 and passed the Balanced Budget reform act which returns some of the cuts to the providers. These returns were increased by the 2000 Budget improvement and protection act (SeniorJournal. com, 2001). Thus, in 2000 the Medicare Choice final rule took effect. At this time the Medicare Part B premium was at forty five dollars and forty cents a month. Inaugurating it in 2001 and launching it in 2002 Medicare started a new program known as Quality Initiative. This was a new program which encompassed not only quality monitoring by independent surveyors. But also pay for performance plan along with the hospital compare website. They also eventually revealed that they would no longer offer payment for treatment of hospital acquired infections and problematic hospital events. In 2006 they began a prescription drug coverage program. This at a monthly premium puts individuals on a drug plan to cover their drug costs. The current premium for Medicare part B is ninety six dollars and forty cents per month (Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, 2005) (Medicare, 2009). A look at the government website for Medicare and the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid do not reveal the mission statement for the organization. What is present however is what the program actually entails in terms of services. As mentioned before Medicare is a health insurance program for people of ages 65 and over who may have certain disabilities and also those of all ages with End Stage Renal Disease. It provides three types of insurance. Part A is hospital insurance which covers the costs of hospital care, hospice care and inpatient care. It may not be required to be paid if the payroll tax of an individual pays for it. Part B medical insurance is the type which covers outpatient care and doctors services. It also covers certain other physical and occupational therapies in health care and is bought with a monthly premium. The third is prescription drug coverage which covers the individual’s drug plan for a monthly premium (Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, 2005). In terms of the criminal justice system Medicare does not pay for those individuals who have been sent to prison since they lose their social security on incarceration. However if an individual pays their premiums for Medicare B directly they are still eligible for the program. Otherwise their Medicare benefits will run out in 3 months. They also lose coverage under the drug prescription plan. In the case of individuals who are in psychological institutions for the criminally insane and in nursing homes serving out their sentence are covered under the Medicare part B program (Bazelon Center for Mental Health Law, 2009). If we look at the financial records of Medicare for the past three years, i. e. from 2007 to 2009 we find that Medicare has faced striking loses and financial challenges. According to the April 2007 report the Health Insurance Trust Fund which gives finances to part A of the Medicare plan will no longer be viable after the next 20 years. Meaning it will dry out in 2019. Once it is gone Medicare will turn to payroll taxes to cover the costs of 79% of part A. The 2007 report was also the first one which included the Medicare funding warning. This was due to the fact that this was the second report which stated that the in the next seven years 45% of all funding for Medicare would come from common revenues (Aflcio. org, 2007). The 2008 financial report contained information which stated that the estimated health insurance deficit over the next 75 years was expected to be around thirteen trillion dollars. To eliminate this problem the only foreseen solution was to increase payroll taxes by 122% or to reduce benefits by 51% or some combination of both and that failure to do so would result in even greater increases and reductions. The report also spoke of the problems of the long term sustainability of Medicare with the rising cost of Health Care in the United States. The report also stated that due to these expenses Medicare would continue to be a burden, relying on the country’s GDP to function. They said that Medicare spent 3. 2% of the country’s GDP in 2007 and is estimated to spend 6. 3% in 2030 and 10. 7% in 2080 (American Academy of Actuaries , 2008). In 2009, the report once again showed the financial failings of the Medicare organization. It now reported that the Health Insurance fund would empty out in 2017 two years sooner than predicted in 2008. The report also said that the benefits given out by hospitals this year will outpace the earnings to such an extent that it will result in bankruptcy by 2017. This year they said that the Health Insurance deficit would require an immediate 134% increase in payroll and 53% reduction in benefits or some combination of the two with the total deficit over the next 75 years totaling 14 trillion dollars (American Academy of Actuaries, 2009). A critical analysis of the effectiveness of Medicare finds that Medicare has failed to perform adequately for several years and its performance in the 2009 fiscal year was not satisfactory. Not only have they not taken any steps to curtail the projected deficit. Since 2004 the costs of the Medicare program have exceeded income from payroll tax revenue forcing the program to rely on interest earnings to help pay benefits. Furthermore immediate action needs to be taken to insure that the Health Insurance Trust Fund which is on it way to depletion in 2017 is preserved. As the reliance of Medicare on GDP grows it is predicted that social security costs will grow along with it. This is because after 2010 the number of people receiving benefits through Medicare and social security will sharply increase. It is expected that the part B premiums will increase in the ensuing years as beneficiaries will have to pay more due to ever increasing health costs. However, by law since the Part B premium cannot exceed the cost of living adjustment provided by social security. Thus, nearly 75% of the Medicare beneficiaries will not pay increased premiums placing the financial burdens on the rest of the 25% of the population (American Academy of Actuaries, 2009). It is also expected that since the prescription drug plan is not subjected to any legislation, the prices for its premiums will dramatically increase over the next few years. The current business model employed by Medicare quite frankly is a disaster of epic proportions. With the current recession of the economy in the United States and the ever increasing cost of health care, it is not conceivable for Medicare to maintain any form of profitability or stability long term in this market. Not only that but shareholder and consumer confidence along with an overwhelmingly negative perception of the general public will curtail any efforts by Medicare to rectify its earning procedures for years to come. Thus eventually Medicare will not only become unsustainable for its beneficiaries but also for the federal government. Since the substantial increase in health care cost and increasing complexities of the health care system will be a dominant force in the industry over the next few years. It is essential that Medicare streamline its operation and keep costs down while keeping consumer confidence up. In order to do this they must completely abandon the current Modus operandi they have adopted and turn towards creating a new plan that is customized towards providing a standard form of service rather than awarding cash on a performance basis. Additionally, they must insure that their new programs are not only more streamlined but are also created to insure the best health care possible for their consumers. It is inevitable that the price of the Medicare premiums will increase over the next few years. However, if Medicare changes its modes of operation from stressing quick cures to instead creating an emphasis on primary prevention the long term benefits on the civilian population and the organization will be incalculable. It is through this means that they will create a more standardized approach towards medicine and prevent the occurrence of more life threatening diseases that are considered a financial black hole. Meaning these diseases require years of funding to treat patients with no guarantee of recovery. However, it is much more likely that Medicare wills continues it current mode of operations and will continue to employ the use of the failed Quality Initiative. With increasing Job losses and a recessive economy it is doubtful that the organization will find its way back to profitability and become free of the aid it is receiving from the GDP of the United States and the Health Insurance Fund. Additionally it is conceivable that Medicare will abandon all the programs it consider non essential. Among those will be programs which are geared towards the medical aid of felons or sex offenders. It is possible that the health benefits afforded to senior citizens in nursing homes may be revoked in an effort to increase funding for the organization. It is equally plausible that Medicare will possibly outsource some of its businesses to local prisons such as their help lines and customer relations due to budget concerns and deficits. However, it is inevitable that in the end no amount of funds will help the organization return to a mode of profitability. It has been suggested by the republican body recently that it may be more prudent for congress to scrap the program completely in favor of a more contemporary approach. In my opinion I believe that is a much better option over the wait and see approach the Medicare has obviously adopted over the last few years. It is true that an immediate increase in payroll tax and an immediate reduction in benefits will alleviate the actuarial balance within the next few decades. However, the long term sustainability of such a plan is whimsical at best. Additionally one must consider if the longitivity of this organization is based solely on the success of these factors, then their increase within the next few decades is assured creating a greater burden on the populace. The financial difficulties that face Medicare today are not as simple as they appear. Nonetheless it is apparent that reform of the organization is essential to its long term survival. Its biggest concern is sustenance without sacrificing the quality of care of its individual. However, with ever increasing cost of health in the United States, its possible that might just happen. References Aflcio. org. (2007). Medicares Financial Condition. Retrieved May 30, 2009, from Aflcio. org: aflcio. org/issues/healthcare/financial. cfm American Academy of Actuaries . (2008, March). Medicares Financial Condtion: Beyond Actuarial Balance . Retrieved May 30, 2009, from American Academy of Actuaries : actuary. org/pdf/medicare/trustees_08. pdf American Academy of Actuaries. (2009, May). Medicares Financial Condtion: Beyond Actuarial Balance. Retrieved May 30, 2009, from American Academy of Actuaries: actuary. org/pdf/medicare/trustees_09. pdf Bazelon Center for Mental Health Law. (2009). Bazelon Center Fact Sheet Medicare p. 2. Retrieved May 30, 2009, from Bazelon Center for Mental Health Law: bazelon. org/pdf/Factsheet-Medicare. pdf Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. (2005, December 14). Overview. Retrieved May 29, 2009, from Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services: cms. hhs. gov/MedicareGenInfo/ Medicare. (2009). Medicare premiums and coinsurance rates for 2009. Retrieved May 29, 2009, from Medicare: http://questions. medicare. gov/cgi-bin/medicare. cfg/php/enduser/std_adp. php? p_faqid=2100 SeniorJournal. com. (2001). Brief History of the Medicare Program. Retrieved May 29, 2009, from SeniorJournal. com: http://seniorjournal. com/NEWS/2000%20Files/Aug%2000/FTR-08-04-00MedCarHistry. htm